The brines of the world's salt lakes are rich in lithium resources of high concern, but also generally endowed with a large number of boron resources, which have not been effectively recovered. By recovering these boron resources efficiently, it is possible to improve the overall use of salt lake resources while also lessening the negative effects of boron on the quality of other products. For the typical neutral and slightly alkaline brines of salt lakes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, the extraction system, extraction process optimization, and associated extraction mechanism for boron separation and extraction were developed and carried out in this research. Mixed-alcohol and ionic liquid extraction systems were developed for different types and pH values of salt lake brines, and the extraction performance was systematically evaluated by single-stage and multistage countercurrent extraction experiments, examining variables such as different solvents, concentrations, pH values, and the presence of co-existing ions. Low water-soluble extraction systems were synthesized and characterized. In order to explore the mechanism, Raman, IR, and NMR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the structural interactions between extractants and boron complexes in the organic phase. The effect of carbonate ions (CO32-) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), which are prevalent in alkaline brines, on boron extraction was also investigated. The extraction rate and back-extraction rate of boron could reach more than 98% through multistage countercurrent extraction under optimized process conditions. This study provides an important theoretical foundation and experimental basis for the efficient recovery of boron from neutral and weakly alkaline salt lake brines.